Optimal. Leaf size=56 \[ \frac {x^2}{2}+\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {1-2 x^2}{\sqrt {3}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {3}}-\frac {1}{6} \log \left (1+x^2\right )+\frac {1}{12} \log \left (1-x^2+x^4\right ) \]
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Rubi [A]
time = 0.03, antiderivative size = 56, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00, number of steps
used = 8, number of rules used = 8, integrand size = 11, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.727, Rules used = {281, 327, 206,
31, 648, 632, 210, 642} \begin {gather*} \frac {\text {ArcTan}\left (\frac {1-2 x^2}{\sqrt {3}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {3}}+\frac {x^2}{2}-\frac {1}{6} \log \left (x^2+1\right )+\frac {1}{12} \log \left (x^4-x^2+1\right ) \end {gather*}
Antiderivative was successfully verified.
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Rule 31
Rule 206
Rule 210
Rule 281
Rule 327
Rule 632
Rule 642
Rule 648
Rubi steps
\begin {align*} \int \frac {x^7}{1+x^6} \, dx &=\frac {1}{2} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {x^3}{1+x^3} \, dx,x,x^2\right )\\ &=\frac {x^2}{2}-\frac {1}{2} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{1+x^3} \, dx,x,x^2\right )\\ &=\frac {x^2}{2}-\frac {1}{6} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{1+x} \, dx,x,x^2\right )-\frac {1}{6} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {2-x}{1-x+x^2} \, dx,x,x^2\right )\\ &=\frac {x^2}{2}-\frac {1}{6} \log \left (1+x^2\right )+\frac {1}{12} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {-1+2 x}{1-x+x^2} \, dx,x,x^2\right )-\frac {1}{4} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{1-x+x^2} \, dx,x,x^2\right )\\ &=\frac {x^2}{2}-\frac {1}{6} \log \left (1+x^2\right )+\frac {1}{12} \log \left (1-x^2+x^4\right )+\frac {1}{2} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-3-x^2} \, dx,x,-1+2 x^2\right )\\ &=\frac {x^2}{2}+\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {1-2 x^2}{\sqrt {3}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {3}}-\frac {1}{6} \log \left (1+x^2\right )+\frac {1}{12} \log \left (1-x^2+x^4\right )\\ \end {align*}
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Mathematica [A]
time = 0.01, size = 79, normalized size = 1.41 \begin {gather*} \frac {1}{12} \left (6 x^2+2 \sqrt {3} \tan ^{-1}\left (\sqrt {3}-2 x\right )+2 \sqrt {3} \tan ^{-1}\left (\sqrt {3}+2 x\right )-2 \log \left (1+x^2\right )+\log \left (1-\sqrt {3} x+x^2\right )+\log \left (1+\sqrt {3} x+x^2\right )\right ) \end {gather*}
Antiderivative was successfully verified.
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Maple [A]
time = 0.18, size = 46, normalized size = 0.82
method | result | size |
risch | \(\frac {x^{2}}{2}-\frac {\ln \left (x^{2}+1\right )}{6}+\frac {\ln \left (x^{4}-x^{2}+1\right )}{12}-\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \arctan \left (\frac {2 \left (x^{2}-\frac {1}{2}\right ) \sqrt {3}}{3}\right )}{6}\) | \(44\) |
default | \(\frac {x^{2}}{2}-\frac {\ln \left (x^{2}+1\right )}{6}+\frac {\ln \left (x^{4}-x^{2}+1\right )}{12}-\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \arctan \left (\frac {\left (2 x^{2}-1\right ) \sqrt {3}}{3}\right )}{6}\) | \(46\) |
meijerg | \(\frac {x^{2}}{2}-\frac {x^{2} \left (\frac {\ln \left (1+\left (x^{6}\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}\right )}{\left (x^{6}\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}}-\frac {\ln \left (1-\left (x^{6}\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}+\left (x^{6}\right )^{\frac {2}{3}}\right )}{2 \left (x^{6}\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \left (x^{6}\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}}{2-\left (x^{6}\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}}\right )}{\left (x^{6}\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}}\right )}{6}\) | \(80\) |
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Maxima [A]
time = 0.51, size = 45, normalized size = 0.80 \begin {gather*} \frac {1}{2} \, x^{2} - \frac {1}{6} \, \sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {3} {\left (2 \, x^{2} - 1\right )}\right ) + \frac {1}{12} \, \log \left (x^{4} - x^{2} + 1\right ) - \frac {1}{6} \, \log \left (x^{2} + 1\right ) \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Fricas [A]
time = 0.36, size = 45, normalized size = 0.80 \begin {gather*} \frac {1}{2} \, x^{2} - \frac {1}{6} \, \sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {3} {\left (2 \, x^{2} - 1\right )}\right ) + \frac {1}{12} \, \log \left (x^{4} - x^{2} + 1\right ) - \frac {1}{6} \, \log \left (x^{2} + 1\right ) \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Sympy [A]
time = 0.05, size = 51, normalized size = 0.91 \begin {gather*} \frac {x^{2}}{2} - \frac {\log {\left (x^{2} + 1 \right )}}{6} + \frac {\log {\left (x^{4} - x^{2} + 1 \right )}}{12} - \frac {\sqrt {3} \operatorname {atan}{\left (\frac {2 \sqrt {3} x^{2}}{3} - \frac {\sqrt {3}}{3} \right )}}{6} \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Giac [A]
time = 2.08, size = 45, normalized size = 0.80 \begin {gather*} \frac {1}{2} \, x^{2} - \frac {1}{6} \, \sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {3} {\left (2 \, x^{2} - 1\right )}\right ) + \frac {1}{12} \, \log \left (x^{4} - x^{2} + 1\right ) - \frac {1}{6} \, \log \left (x^{2} + 1\right ) \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Mupad [B]
time = 1.08, size = 57, normalized size = 1.02 \begin {gather*} \frac {x^2}{2}-\frac {\ln \left (x^2+1\right )}{6}+\ln \left (x^2-\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}-\frac {1}{2}\right )\,\left (\frac {1}{12}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{12}\right )-\ln \left (x^2+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}-\frac {1}{2}\right )\,\left (-\frac {1}{12}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{12}\right ) \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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